FIVE PERSPECTIVES ON EMOTION
Emotion is a combination of all these functions, although the balance between them varies from time to time. If any one of them is left out, the richness of emotion decreases. Together they define emotion, and emotion defines the colour of our lives. Any definition of emotion must therefore be intricate. Kleinginna and Kleinginna (1981) reviewed many definitions of emotion and integrated them into the following: Emotion is a complex set of interactions among subjective and objective factors, mediated by neural/hormonal systems, which can (a) give rise to affective experiences such as feelings of arousal, pleasure/displeasure; (b) generate cognitive processes such as emotionally relevant perceptual effects, appraisals, labeling processes; (c) activate widespread physiological adjustments to the arousing conditions; and (d) lead to behaviour, that is often, but not always, expressive, goal-directed, and adaptive.
The five perspectives on emotion described above have given rise to five approaches to its investigation. There is not an exact mapping, but, as will become clear, each of these approaches embraces particular types of measurement, empirical research and theory.
Emotion is a combination of all these functions, although the balance between them varies from time to time. If any one of them is left out, the richness of emotion decreases. Together they define emotion, and emotion defines the colour of our lives. Any definition of emotion must therefore be intricate. Kleinginna and Kleinginna (1981) reviewed many definitions of emotion and integrated them into the following: Emotion is a complex set of interactions among subjective and objective factors, mediated by neural/hormonal systems, which can (a) give rise to affective experiences such as feelings of arousal, pleasure/displeasure; (b) generate cognitive processes such as emotionally relevant perceptual effects, appraisals, labeling processes; (c) activate widespread physiological adjustments to the arousing conditions; and (d) lead to behaviour, that is often, but not always, expressive, goal-directed, and adaptive.
The five perspectives on emotion described above have given rise to five approaches to its investigation. There is not an exact mapping, but, as will become clear, each of these approaches embraces particular types of measurement, empirical research and theory.
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