A Brief History of Psychiatry – who did what, when, and why?

A Brief History of Psychiatry – who did what, when, and why?
Abnormal Illness Behaviour --Pilowsky
Advocated treatment without mechanical restraints --Conolly (1794-1866)
Aggressive and Creative Psychopaths --Henderson
Agnosia Term --coined by Freud
Alexithymia --Nemiah & Sifneos
Anxiety --Lewis
Crisis Intervention --Linderman (1944), Caplan (1961)
Development of Clozapine --Kane
Development of Imipramine --Kuhn
Ecological theory of suicide --Sainsbury
Gestalt Therapy --F. Perls
Hypnotherapy Milton --Erikson
Illness Behaviour --Mechanic
Interpersonal therapy --Sullivan
Malarial treatment of neurosyphilis (Nobel Prize) --Wagner von Jauregg
Moral treatment; breaking of the chains of the inmates of the Saltpetriere --Pinel (1745-1826)
Primal therapy --A. Janov
Psychobiology --Adolf Meyer (1866-1950)
Psychodrama --J. Moreno
Reciprocal Inhibition --Joseph Wolpe
Self-instructional training --Meichenbaum
Social Learning --Albert Bandura
Sociological theory of suicide --Durkheim
Suicide Thomas --Browne
The Sick Role --Parsons
Therapeutic Community --Maxwell Jones
Token Economies --Ayllon & Azrin
Transactional analysis --F. Berne
1681 Hysteria – a disease of the mind --Thomas Sydenham
1800s Removal of post-central, temporal, and frontal cortices from patients --Burckhardt
1843 Hypnotism James Braid; based on work by --Anton Mesmer
1886 Dysmorphophobia --Morselli
1893 Dementia Praecox --Emil Kraepelin
1903 Barbiturates introduced
1905 Spirochaete isolated in GPI – the beginnings of biological psychiatry --Schaudinn
1911 The Four A’s of Schizophrenia --Eugene Bleuler
1913 Behaviourism; stressed the observable rather than the unconscious --John Watson
1923 Capgras delusion --Raboul-Lachouz
1927 Fregoli delusion --Courbon & Frail
1930s “Bell and Pad” treatment of enuresis --Mowrer & Mowrer
1932 Syndrome of Intermetamorphosis --Courbon & Turques
1933 Schizoaffective Disorder --Kasanin
1935 Autism described --Leo Kanner
1935 Bilateral ablation of the prefrontal cortex causes chimpanzees to become more placid and less anxious --Fulton & Jacobsen
1935 Human frontal leucotomy --Egas Moniz (1874-1955)
1936 Pyknic, athletic, asthenic body types --Kretschmer
1938 Application of seizures induced by --Metrazol Meduna
1938 Dissociation --Janet
1938 ECT --Cerletti and Bini
1940 Physiognomy – endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy --William Sheldon
1946 Anaclitic Depression --Rene Spitz
1947 ‘Direct analysis’ of schizophrenics --John Rosen
1947 ‘Direct analysis’ of schizophrenics; use of countertransference --Frieda Fromm-Reichmann 1947 ‘symbolic realization’ in the treatment of schizophrenia --Marguerite Sechehaye
1949 Beneficial response of a manic patient to Lithium – then introduced into psychiatric use --J. F. J. Cade
1950 Alcoholics Anonymous; ‘12-step programme’ --Bill
1950 Psychosomatic medicine --F. Alexander
1950 Synthesis of Chlorpromazine – attempting to synthesize an antihistaminergic agent for anaesthetic use --Charpentier
1952 DSM I published Influenced by the ideas of --Adolf Meyer
1954 Chlorpromazine introduced to the USA; Delay & Deniker published the first favourable responses (1952) --Delay & Deniker
1955 Psycholinguistics --Naom Chomsky
1955-1958 Development of MAOIs Kline
1956 Double-bind as a cause of schizophrenia --Don Jackson and Gregory Bateson
1956 General Adaptation Syndrome --Hans Selye
1957 Cognitive Dissonance --Leon Festinger
1957 Cycloid Psychosis --Leonhard
1958 ‘Social Class and Mental Health’ – demonstrated strong inverse association between social class and mental health --Hollingshead & Redlich
1958 ‘The Psychodynamics of Family Life’; development of Family Therapy --Nathan Ackermann
1958 Synthesis of Haloperidol --Janssen Laboratories
1959 First Rank Symptoms of Schizophrenia --Kurt Schneider
1960s Aversion Therapy, Covert Sensitization --Rachman & Teasdale
1960s -70s Exposure Therapy Marks, --Gelder, and Mathews
1961 Schizophreniform Psychosis --Langfeldt
1962 Five factor model of Personality Types and Christal
1963 Cognitive Theory of Depression --Aaron Beck
1963 Harlow’s monkeys – ‘critical period’ when mother-child bonding took place --Harry Harlow
1965 ‘Hostile Symbiosis’ and ‘Schism’ as causes of schizophrenia --Theodore Lidz
1965 ‘Transitional object’, ‘primary object’, ‘good-enough mother’; object relations --Donald Winnicott
1965 Gate Control Theory of Pain --Melzack and Wall
1966 Anti-manic properties of Valproate --Lambert
1967 Borderline Personality --Otto Kernberg
1967 Learned Helplessness --Seligman & Maier
1967 Marital Therapy --Henry Dicks
1969 ‘Practice of behaviour therapy’; ‘systematic densensitization’ (late 1950s) --Joseph Wolpe
1969 Attachment theory --John Bowlby
1970s Biofeedback --Birk
1971 Classification of phobias --Marks
1974 Structural Family Therapy --Salvador Minuchin
1974 The ‘Milan School’ of Systemic family therapy --Palazzoli et al.
1976 Alcohol Dependency Syndrome --G. Edwards & M. M. Gross
1976 Cognitive Treatment of Depression --A. Beck
1977 Parasuicide --Kreitman
1978 Syndrome of subjective doubles --Christodolou
1978 Working class women in Camberwell --Brown & Harris
1979 Deliberate Self Harm, Malignant alienation --Morgan
1980 Monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis --Munro
1984 Interpersonal Therapy --Klerman et al.
Manie sans delire --Pinel
Moral Insanity --Pritchard
Personal Construct Theory --Kelly
Repertory Grid --Bannister
Self-Theory --Roger