ATTACHMENT

A core part of early emotional development is attachment – the initial emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver. [attachment the close links formed between a human infant and caregiver, or the intimate bond that can form between adults] According to many theories, this forms the basis of both social and emotional development of the individual. The seminal work on attachment was carried out by, who described two major types of attachment pattern – the secure, and the insecure. Insecure attachment is further divided into two types – one defined by avoidance of the attachment figure (avoidant) and the other by anxiety and ambivalent feelings towards the attachment figure (anxious–ambivalent). In drawing attention to attachment, Bowlby placed great emphasis on the emotional relationship between the child and the caregiver during the first two years of life. His basic idea was that a warm continuous relationship with a caregi er leads to psychological health and well-being throughout life. So the nature of the emotional bond of the initial social attachment has implications not only for future intimate relationships but also for potential psychopathology. Bowlby argued that the child’s relationship with the caregiver prompts the development of internal working models. These give the child a schema of how accessible and responsive a caregiver is and how deserving of care the child is. These models will then affect future relationships. A secure working model will prompt expectations of good relationships and an open positive manner. By contrast, an insecure working model may lead to expectations of poor, unsupportive relationships and a distrustful, hostile manner. Of course, these differences in style will bring about obvious outcomes – what we might call self-fulfilling prophecies. The enormous amount of research linking initial attachment to later development has been reviewed by Thompson (1999). He concludes that t e relationship between early attachment and later relationships (including love relationships) is not straightforward. Rather than becoming fixed at an early age and then unchanged, it is mediated by a continuing harmonious parent– child relationship and depends on the nature of other short-term relationships too. Internal working models of how people relate might be established on the basis of the initial attachment, but can be changed by later social experiences and even by psychotherapy. Thompson summarises the effects of early attachment to caregivers as providing children with answers to four questions:
1. What do other people do when I express negative emotion?
2. What happens when I explore?
3. What can I accomplish?
4. How do I maintain good relationships with others?
A great deal of research on attachment in children and adults documents its importance from both developmental and clinical perspectives. For a full coverage, see Cassidy and Shaver (1999).
It should by now be clear that, although early processes (such as attachment to the primary caregiver during infancy) are important, emotion goes on developing throughout the life-span. Indeed, some of the more fulfilling emotional experiences occur later on in life. For a review of this topic, see Strongman and Overton (1999).